We are still drawing one point. (Although by now its position, size and colour can be adjusted from inside the application code.)
Let’s draw a few more.
What is it that we have to do for this?
We certainly have to put more values into the vertex buffers. Let’s say
buffer1.fill(
&allocator,
&[
0.4f32, -0.2f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.2f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
for example. But let’s not forget to make the buffer large enough in first place, so
let buffer1 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
32,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
And, of course, there should be more data in the second buffer, too:
let buffer2 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
40,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer2.fill(
&allocator,
&[
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 3.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.4f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
But what is this? Running the program still gives one point only.
We have to adjust the draw command as well. There we say “draw one point”, so only one point is drawn.
We should change
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 1, 1, 0, 0);
to
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 2, 1, 0, 0);
so that we draw two vertices.
Now that’s better.
More points!
let buffer1 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
96,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer1.fill(
&allocator,
&[
0.4f32, -0.2f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.2f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, -0.4f32, 0.2f32,
0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.5f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.2f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
-0.5f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
let buffer2 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
120,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer2.fill(
&allocator,
&[
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
and, of course,
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 6, 1, 0, 0);
We are sending the same data for size and colour repeatedly. Think of this as a(n over)simplification of having to draw the same 3D model in many places.
We can make it so the size/colour data is sent only once, but drawn at every position.
The tool for this is “instanced rendering”, with the following idea: Split the data in per-vertex and per-instance data. For each instance draw all vertices.
So we can try to put the position as instance data, and keep size 15.0 and colour green as only vertex data.
That makes the second buffer smaller:
let buffer2 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
20,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer2.fill(&allocator, &[15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32])?;
We have to tell our program that the position data are changed for every instance, not for every vertex. This is part of the binding description:
let vertex_binding_descs = [
vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
binding: 0,
stride: 16,
input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::INSTANCE,
},
vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
binding: 1,
stride: 20,
input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
},
];
And finally, we adjust the draw call: Now it is one vertex, and six instances:
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 1, 6, 0, 0);
This still results in the same picture on screen.
What happens if we draw two vertices per instance?
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 2, 6, 0, 0);
Obviously, we should only ask for this if we also put two vertices in the per-vertex-data buffer:
let buffer2 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
40,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer2.fill(
&allocator,
&[
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 5.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.5f32, 0.8f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
Now we see smaller blue points on top of the green points. We have lost the ability to choose their position independently (that is some per-instance data), but we’re drawing much more compared to the amount of bytes we have to send to the GPU.
If we still needed control over the positions of the blue points independently from that of the green, we could use two draw calls (and four buffers in total), or we could pass the position as part of per-instance and per-vertex data both: An offset per instance, and coordinates relative to this offset per-vertex. Here this would not save bytes, but if the per-vertex vertex buffer were large (big model) and could be used for many instances, this could be a huge win.
For performance: As usual: Without measuring we don’t know for certain.
But instancing should make everything faster if there are large buffers involved. Here, it should not make a difference. And for as little per-vertex data as here, it is quite possible that the easier solution “put everything in a single vertex buffer” would even be a bit faster.
For now, let us return to per-vertex data only. Both bindings with rate vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX, the draw command with one instance only (I’m
setting three points, this time, hence logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);) and correspondingly filled buffers.
I’ll include the whole source once more (for everyone who isn’t following each single step):
use ash::version::DeviceV1_0;
use ash::version::EntryV1_0;
use ash::version::InstanceV1_0;
use ash::vk;
fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let eventloop = winit::event_loop::EventLoop::new();
let window = winit::window::Window::new(&eventloop)?;
let mut aetna = Aetna::init(window)?;
use winit::event::{Event, WindowEvent};
eventloop.run(move |event, _, controlflow| match event {
Event::WindowEvent {
event: WindowEvent::CloseRequested,
..
} => {
*controlflow = winit::event_loop::ControlFlow::Exit;
}
Event::MainEventsCleared => {
// doing the work here (later)
aetna.window.request_redraw();
}
Event::RedrawRequested(_) => {
let (image_index, _) = unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.acquire_next_image(
aetna.swapchain.swapchain,
std::u64::MAX,
aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
vk::Fence::null(),
)
.expect("image acquisition trouble")
};
unsafe {
aetna
.device
.wait_for_fences(
&[aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]],
true,
std::u64::MAX,
)
.expect("fence-waiting");
aetna
.device
.reset_fences(&[
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image]
])
.expect("resetting fences");
}
let semaphores_available =
[aetna.swapchain.image_available[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let waiting_stages = [vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT];
let semaphores_finished =
[aetna.swapchain.rendering_finished[aetna.swapchain.current_image]];
let commandbuffers = [aetna.commandbuffers[image_index as usize]];
let submit_info = [vk::SubmitInfo::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_available)
.wait_dst_stage_mask(&waiting_stages)
.command_buffers(&commandbuffers)
.signal_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.build()];
unsafe {
aetna
.device
.queue_submit(
aetna.queues.graphics_queue,
&submit_info,
aetna.swapchain.may_begin_drawing[aetna.swapchain.current_image],
)
.expect("queue submission");
};
let swapchains = [aetna.swapchain.swapchain];
let indices = [image_index];
let present_info = vk::PresentInfoKHR::builder()
.wait_semaphores(&semaphores_finished)
.swapchains(&swapchains)
.image_indices(&indices);
unsafe {
aetna
.swapchain
.swapchain_loader
.queue_present(aetna.queues.graphics_queue, &present_info)
.expect("queue presentation");
};
aetna.swapchain.current_image =
(aetna.swapchain.current_image + 1) % aetna.swapchain.amount_of_images as usize;
}
_ => {}
});
}
unsafe extern "system" fn vulkan_debug_utils_callback(
message_severity: vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT,
message_type: vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT,
p_callback_data: *const vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT,
_p_user_data: *mut std::ffi::c_void,
) -> vk::Bool32 {
let message = std::ffi::CStr::from_ptr((*p_callback_data).p_message);
let severity = format!("{:?}", message_severity).to_lowercase();
let ty = format!("{:?}", message_type).to_lowercase();
println!("[Debug][{}][{}] {:?}", severity, ty, message);
vk::FALSE
}
fn init_instance(
entry: &ash::Entry,
layer_names: &[&str],
) -> Result<ash::Instance, ash::InstanceError> {
let enginename = std::ffi::CString::new("UnknownGameEngine").unwrap();
let appname = std::ffi::CString::new("The Black Window").unwrap();
let app_info = vk::ApplicationInfo::builder()
.application_name(&appname)
.application_version(vk::make_version(0, 0, 1))
.engine_name(&enginename)
.engine_version(vk::make_version(0, 42, 0))
.api_version(vk::make_version(1, 0, 106));
let layer_names_c: Vec<std::ffi::CString> = layer_names
.iter()
.map(|&ln| std::ffi::CString::new(ln).unwrap())
.collect();
let layer_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = layer_names_c
.iter()
.map(|layer_name| layer_name.as_ptr())
.collect();
let extension_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = vec![
ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils::name().as_ptr(),
ash::extensions::khr::Surface::name().as_ptr(),
ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface::name().as_ptr(),
];
let mut debugcreateinfo = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
.message_severity(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR,
)
.message_type(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::GENERAL
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::PERFORMANCE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::VALIDATION,
)
.pfn_user_callback(Some(vulkan_debug_utils_callback));
let instance_create_info = vk::InstanceCreateInfo::builder()
.push_next(&mut debugcreateinfo)
.application_info(&app_info)
.enabled_layer_names(&layer_name_pointers)
.enabled_extension_names(&extension_name_pointers);
unsafe { entry.create_instance(&instance_create_info, None) }
}
struct DebugDongXi {
loader: ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils,
messenger: vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT,
}
impl DebugDongXi {
fn init(entry: &ash::Entry, instance: &ash::Instance) -> Result<DebugDongXi, vk::Result> {
let debugcreateinfo = vk::DebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT::builder()
.message_severity(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::WARNING
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::VERBOSE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::INFO
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagsEXT::ERROR,
)
.message_type(
vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::GENERAL
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::PERFORMANCE
| vk::DebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT::VALIDATION,
)
.pfn_user_callback(Some(vulkan_debug_utils_callback));
let loader = ash::extensions::ext::DebugUtils::new(entry, instance);
let messenger = unsafe { loader.create_debug_utils_messenger(&debugcreateinfo, None)? };
Ok(DebugDongXi { loader, messenger })
}
}
impl Drop for DebugDongXi {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.loader
.destroy_debug_utils_messenger(self.messenger, None)
};
}
}
struct SurfaceDongXi {
xlib_surface_loader: ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface,
surface: vk::SurfaceKHR,
surface_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Surface,
}
impl SurfaceDongXi {
fn init(
window: &winit::window::Window,
entry: &ash::Entry,
instance: &ash::Instance,
) -> Result<SurfaceDongXi, vk::Result> {
use winit::platform::unix::WindowExtUnix;
let x11_display = window.xlib_display().unwrap();
let x11_window = window.xlib_window().unwrap();
let x11_create_info = vk::XlibSurfaceCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.window(x11_window)
.dpy(x11_display as *mut vk::Display);
let xlib_surface_loader = ash::extensions::khr::XlibSurface::new(entry, instance);
let surface = unsafe { xlib_surface_loader.create_xlib_surface(&x11_create_info, None) }?;
let surface_loader = ash::extensions::khr::Surface::new(entry, instance);
Ok(SurfaceDongXi {
xlib_surface_loader,
surface,
surface_loader,
})
}
fn get_capabilities(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<vk::SurfaceCapabilitiesKHR, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_capabilities(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_present_modes(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::PresentModeKHR>, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_present_modes(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_formats(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::SurfaceFormatKHR>, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader
.get_physical_device_surface_formats(physical_device, self.surface)
}
}
fn get_physical_device_surface_support(
&self,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
queuefamilyindex: usize,
) -> Result<bool, vk::Result> {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader.get_physical_device_surface_support(
physical_device,
queuefamilyindex as u32,
self.surface,
)
}
}
}
impl Drop for SurfaceDongXi {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.surface_loader.destroy_surface(self.surface, None);
}
}
}
fn init_physical_device_and_properties(
instance: &ash::Instance,
) -> Result<(vk::PhysicalDevice, vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties), vk::Result> {
let phys_devs = unsafe { instance.enumerate_physical_devices()? };
let mut chosen = None;
for p in phys_devs {
let properties = unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_properties(p) };
if properties.device_type == vk::PhysicalDeviceType::DISCRETE_GPU {
chosen = Some((p, properties));
}
}
Ok(chosen.unwrap())
}
struct QueueFamilies {
graphics_q_index: Option<u32>,
transfer_q_index: Option<u32>,
}
impl QueueFamilies {
fn init(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
surfaces: &SurfaceDongXi,
) -> Result<QueueFamilies, vk::Result> {
let queuefamilyproperties =
unsafe { instance.get_physical_device_queue_family_properties(physical_device) };
let mut found_graphics_q_index = None;
let mut found_transfer_q_index = None;
for (index, qfam) in queuefamilyproperties.iter().enumerate() {
if qfam.queue_count > 0
&& qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS)
&& surfaces.get_physical_device_surface_support(physical_device, index)?
{
found_graphics_q_index = Some(index as u32);
}
if qfam.queue_count > 0 && qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::TRANSFER) {
if found_transfer_q_index.is_none()
|| !qfam.queue_flags.contains(vk::QueueFlags::GRAPHICS)
{
found_transfer_q_index = Some(index as u32);
}
}
}
Ok(QueueFamilies {
graphics_q_index: found_graphics_q_index,
transfer_q_index: found_transfer_q_index,
})
}
}
struct Queues {
graphics_queue: vk::Queue,
transfer_queue: vk::Queue,
}
fn init_device_and_queues(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
layer_names: &[&str],
) -> Result<(ash::Device, Queues), vk::Result> {
let layer_names_c: Vec<std::ffi::CString> = layer_names
.iter()
.map(|&ln| std::ffi::CString::new(ln).unwrap())
.collect();
let layer_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> = layer_names_c
.iter()
.map(|layer_name| layer_name.as_ptr())
.collect();
let priorities = [1.0f32];
let queue_infos = [
vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap())
.queue_priorities(&priorities)
.build(),
vk::DeviceQueueCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap())
.queue_priorities(&priorities)
.build(),
];
let device_extension_name_pointers: Vec<*const i8> =
vec![ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain::name().as_ptr()];
let device_create_info = vk::DeviceCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_create_infos(&queue_infos)
.enabled_extension_names(&device_extension_name_pointers)
.enabled_layer_names(&layer_name_pointers);
let logical_device =
unsafe { instance.create_device(physical_device, &device_create_info, None)? };
let graphics_queue =
unsafe { logical_device.get_device_queue(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap(), 0) };
let transfer_queue =
unsafe { logical_device.get_device_queue(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap(), 0) };
Ok((
logical_device,
Queues {
graphics_queue,
transfer_queue,
},
))
}
struct SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader: ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain,
swapchain: vk::SwapchainKHR,
images: Vec<vk::Image>,
imageviews: Vec<vk::ImageView>,
framebuffers: Vec<vk::Framebuffer>,
surface_format: vk::SurfaceFormatKHR,
extent: vk::Extent2D,
image_available: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
rendering_finished: Vec<vk::Semaphore>,
may_begin_drawing: Vec<vk::Fence>,
amount_of_images: u32,
current_image: usize,
}
impl SwapchainDongXi {
fn init(
instance: &ash::Instance,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
surfaces: &SurfaceDongXi,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
queues: &Queues,
) -> Result<SwapchainDongXi, vk::Result> {
let surface_capabilities = surfaces.get_capabilities(physical_device)?;
let extent = surface_capabilities.current_extent;
let surface_present_modes = surfaces.get_present_modes(physical_device)?;
let surface_format = *surfaces.get_formats(physical_device)?.first().unwrap();
let queuefamilies = [queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap()];
let swapchain_create_info = vk::SwapchainCreateInfoKHR::builder()
.surface(surfaces.surface)
.min_image_count(
3.max(surface_capabilities.min_image_count)
.min(surface_capabilities.max_image_count),
)
.image_format(surface_format.format)
.image_color_space(surface_format.color_space)
.image_extent(extent)
.image_array_layers(1)
.image_usage(vk::ImageUsageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT)
.image_sharing_mode(vk::SharingMode::EXCLUSIVE)
.queue_family_indices(&queuefamilies)
.pre_transform(surface_capabilities.current_transform)
.composite_alpha(vk::CompositeAlphaFlagsKHR::OPAQUE)
.present_mode(vk::PresentModeKHR::FIFO);
let swapchain_loader = ash::extensions::khr::Swapchain::new(instance, logical_device);
let swapchain = unsafe { swapchain_loader.create_swapchain(&swapchain_create_info, None)? };
let swapchain_images = unsafe { swapchain_loader.get_swapchain_images(swapchain)? };
let amount_of_images = swapchain_images.len() as u32;
let mut swapchain_imageviews = Vec::with_capacity(swapchain_images.len());
for image in &swapchain_images {
let subresource_range = vk::ImageSubresourceRange::builder()
.aspect_mask(vk::ImageAspectFlags::COLOR)
.base_mip_level(0)
.level_count(1)
.base_array_layer(0)
.layer_count(1);
let imageview_create_info = vk::ImageViewCreateInfo::builder()
.image(*image)
.view_type(vk::ImageViewType::TYPE_2D)
.format(vk::Format::B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
.subresource_range(*subresource_range);
let imageview =
unsafe { logical_device.create_image_view(&imageview_create_info, None) }?;
swapchain_imageviews.push(imageview);
}
let mut image_available = vec![];
let mut rendering_finished = vec![];
let mut may_begin_drawing = vec![];
let semaphoreinfo = vk::SemaphoreCreateInfo::builder();
let fenceinfo = vk::FenceCreateInfo::builder().flags(vk::FenceCreateFlags::SIGNALED);
for _ in 0..amount_of_images {
let semaphore_available =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
let semaphore_finished =
unsafe { logical_device.create_semaphore(&semaphoreinfo, None) }?;
image_available.push(semaphore_available);
rendering_finished.push(semaphore_finished);
let fence = unsafe { logical_device.create_fence(&fenceinfo, None) }?;
may_begin_drawing.push(fence);
}
Ok(SwapchainDongXi {
swapchain_loader,
swapchain,
images: swapchain_images,
imageviews: swapchain_imageviews,
framebuffers: vec![],
surface_format,
extent,
amount_of_images,
current_image: 0,
image_available,
rendering_finished,
may_begin_drawing,
})
}
fn create_framebuffers(
&mut self,
logical_device: &ash::Device,
renderpass: vk::RenderPass,
) -> Result<(), vk::Result> {
for iv in &self.imageviews {
let iview = [*iv];
let framebuffer_info = vk::FramebufferCreateInfo::builder()
.render_pass(renderpass)
.attachments(&iview)
.width(self.extent.width)
.height(self.extent.height)
.layers(1);
let fb = unsafe { logical_device.create_framebuffer(&framebuffer_info, None) }?;
self.framebuffers.push(fb);
}
Ok(())
}
unsafe fn cleanup(&mut self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
for fence in &self.may_begin_drawing {
logical_device.destroy_fence(*fence, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.image_available {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for semaphore in &self.rendering_finished {
logical_device.destroy_semaphore(*semaphore, None);
}
for fb in &self.framebuffers {
logical_device.destroy_framebuffer(*fb, None);
}
for iv in &self.imageviews {
logical_device.destroy_image_view(*iv, None);
}
self.swapchain_loader
.destroy_swapchain(self.swapchain, None)
}
}
fn init_renderpass(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
format: vk::Format,
) -> Result<vk::RenderPass, vk::Result> {
let attachments = [vk::AttachmentDescription::builder()
.format(format)
.load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::CLEAR)
.store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::STORE)
.stencil_load_op(vk::AttachmentLoadOp::DONT_CARE)
.stencil_store_op(vk::AttachmentStoreOp::DONT_CARE)
.initial_layout(vk::ImageLayout::UNDEFINED)
.final_layout(vk::ImageLayout::PRESENT_SRC_KHR)
.samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1)
.build()];
let color_attachment_references = [vk::AttachmentReference {
attachment: 0,
layout: vk::ImageLayout::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL,
}];
let subpasses = [vk::SubpassDescription::builder()
.color_attachments(&color_attachment_references)
.pipeline_bind_point(vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS)
.build()];
let subpass_dependencies = [vk::SubpassDependency::builder()
.src_subpass(vk::SUBPASS_EXTERNAL)
.src_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.dst_subpass(0)
.dst_stage_mask(vk::PipelineStageFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT)
.dst_access_mask(
vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ | vk::AccessFlags::COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE,
)
.build()];
let renderpass_info = vk::RenderPassCreateInfo::builder()
.attachments(&attachments)
.subpasses(&subpasses)
.dependencies(&subpass_dependencies);
let renderpass = unsafe { logical_device.create_render_pass(&renderpass_info, None)? };
Ok(renderpass)
}
struct Pipeline {
pipeline: vk::Pipeline,
layout: vk::PipelineLayout,
}
impl Pipeline {
fn cleanup(&self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_pipeline(self.pipeline, None);
logical_device.destroy_pipeline_layout(self.layout, None);
}
}
fn init(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
swapchain: &SwapchainDongXi,
renderpass: &vk::RenderPass,
) -> Result<Pipeline, vk::Result> {
let vertexshader_createinfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::builder().code(
vk_shader_macros::include_glsl!("./shaders/shader.vert", kind: vert),
);
let vertexshader_module =
unsafe { logical_device.create_shader_module(&vertexshader_createinfo, None)? };
let fragmentshader_createinfo = vk::ShaderModuleCreateInfo::builder()
.code(vk_shader_macros::include_glsl!("./shaders/shader.frag"));
let fragmentshader_module =
unsafe { logical_device.create_shader_module(&fragmentshader_createinfo, None)? };
let mainfunctionname = std::ffi::CString::new("main").unwrap();
let vertexshader_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::VERTEX)
.module(vertexshader_module)
.name(&mainfunctionname);
let fragmentshader_stage = vk::PipelineShaderStageCreateInfo::builder()
.stage(vk::ShaderStageFlags::FRAGMENT)
.module(fragmentshader_module)
.name(&mainfunctionname);
let shader_stages = vec![vertexshader_stage.build(), fragmentshader_stage.build()];
let vertex_attrib_descs = [
vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
binding: 0,
location: 0,
offset: 0,
format: vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
},
vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
binding: 1,
location: 1,
offset: 0,
format: vk::Format::R32_SFLOAT,
},
vk::VertexInputAttributeDescription {
binding: 1,
location: 2,
offset: 4,
format: vk::Format::R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT,
},
];
let vertex_binding_descs = [
vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
binding: 0,
stride: 16,
input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
},
vk::VertexInputBindingDescription {
binding: 1,
stride: 20,
input_rate: vk::VertexInputRate::VERTEX,
},
];
let vertex_input_info = vk::PipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo::builder()
.vertex_attribute_descriptions(&vertex_attrib_descs)
.vertex_binding_descriptions(&vertex_binding_descs);
let input_assembly_info = vk::PipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo::builder()
.topology(vk::PrimitiveTopology::POINT_LIST);
let viewports = [vk::Viewport {
x: 0.,
y: 0.,
width: swapchain.extent.width as f32,
height: swapchain.extent.height as f32,
min_depth: 0.,
max_depth: 1.,
}];
let scissors = [vk::Rect2D {
offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
extent: swapchain.extent,
}];
let viewport_info = vk::PipelineViewportStateCreateInfo::builder()
.viewports(&viewports)
.scissors(&scissors);
let rasterizer_info = vk::PipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo::builder()
.line_width(1.0)
.front_face(vk::FrontFace::COUNTER_CLOCKWISE)
.cull_mode(vk::CullModeFlags::NONE)
.polygon_mode(vk::PolygonMode::FILL);
let multisampler_info = vk::PipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo::builder()
.rasterization_samples(vk::SampleCountFlags::TYPE_1);
let colourblend_attachments = [vk::PipelineColorBlendAttachmentState::builder()
.blend_enable(true)
.src_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
.dst_color_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
.color_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
.src_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::SRC_ALPHA)
.dst_alpha_blend_factor(vk::BlendFactor::ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA)
.alpha_blend_op(vk::BlendOp::ADD)
.color_write_mask(
vk::ColorComponentFlags::R
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::G
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::B
| vk::ColorComponentFlags::A,
)
.build()];
let colourblend_info =
vk::PipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo::builder().attachments(&colourblend_attachments);
let pipelinelayout_info = vk::PipelineLayoutCreateInfo::builder();
let pipelinelayout =
unsafe { logical_device.create_pipeline_layout(&pipelinelayout_info, None) }?;
let pipeline_info = vk::GraphicsPipelineCreateInfo::builder()
.stages(&shader_stages)
.vertex_input_state(&vertex_input_info)
.input_assembly_state(&input_assembly_info)
.viewport_state(&viewport_info)
.rasterization_state(&rasterizer_info)
.multisample_state(&multisampler_info)
.color_blend_state(&colourblend_info)
.layout(pipelinelayout)
.render_pass(*renderpass)
.subpass(0);
let graphicspipeline = unsafe {
logical_device
.create_graphics_pipelines(
vk::PipelineCache::null(),
&[pipeline_info.build()],
None,
)
.expect("A problem with the pipeline creation")
}[0];
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_shader_module(fragmentshader_module, None);
logical_device.destroy_shader_module(vertexshader_module, None);
}
Ok(Pipeline {
pipeline: graphicspipeline,
layout: pipelinelayout,
})
}
}
struct Pools {
commandpool_graphics: vk::CommandPool,
commandpool_transfer: vk::CommandPool,
}
impl Pools {
fn init(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
queue_families: &QueueFamilies,
) -> Result<Pools, vk::Result> {
let graphics_commandpool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.graphics_q_index.unwrap())
.flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
let commandpool_graphics =
unsafe { logical_device.create_command_pool(&graphics_commandpool_info, None) }?;
let transfer_commandpool_info = vk::CommandPoolCreateInfo::builder()
.queue_family_index(queue_families.transfer_q_index.unwrap())
.flags(vk::CommandPoolCreateFlags::RESET_COMMAND_BUFFER);
let commandpool_transfer =
unsafe { logical_device.create_command_pool(&transfer_commandpool_info, None) }?;
Ok(Pools {
commandpool_graphics,
commandpool_transfer,
})
}
fn cleanup(&self, logical_device: &ash::Device) {
unsafe {
logical_device.destroy_command_pool(self.commandpool_graphics, None);
logical_device.destroy_command_pool(self.commandpool_transfer, None);
}
}
}
fn create_commandbuffers(
logical_device: &ash::Device,
pools: &Pools,
amount: u32,
) -> Result<Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>, vk::Result> {
let commandbuf_allocate_info = vk::CommandBufferAllocateInfo::builder()
.command_pool(pools.commandpool_graphics)
.command_buffer_count(amount);
unsafe { logical_device.allocate_command_buffers(&commandbuf_allocate_info) }
}
fn fill_commandbuffers(
commandbuffers: &[vk::CommandBuffer],
logical_device: &ash::Device,
renderpass: &vk::RenderPass,
swapchain: &SwapchainDongXi,
pipeline: &Pipeline,
vb1: &vk::Buffer,
vb2: &vk::Buffer,
) -> Result<(), vk::Result> {
for (i, &commandbuffer) in commandbuffers.iter().enumerate() {
let commandbuffer_begininfo = vk::CommandBufferBeginInfo::builder();
unsafe {
logical_device.begin_command_buffer(commandbuffer, &commandbuffer_begininfo)?;
}
let clearvalues = [vk::ClearValue {
color: vk::ClearColorValue {
float32: [0.0, 0.0, 0.08, 1.0],
},
}];
let renderpass_begininfo = vk::RenderPassBeginInfo::builder()
.render_pass(*renderpass)
.framebuffer(swapchain.framebuffers[i])
.render_area(vk::Rect2D {
offset: vk::Offset2D { x: 0, y: 0 },
extent: swapchain.extent,
})
.clear_values(&clearvalues);
unsafe {
logical_device.cmd_begin_render_pass(
commandbuffer,
&renderpass_begininfo,
vk::SubpassContents::INLINE,
);
logical_device.cmd_bind_pipeline(
commandbuffer,
vk::PipelineBindPoint::GRAPHICS,
pipeline.pipeline,
);
logical_device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(commandbuffer, 0, &[*vb1], &[0]);
logical_device.cmd_bind_vertex_buffers(commandbuffer, 1, &[*vb2], &[0]);
logical_device.cmd_draw(commandbuffer, 3, 1, 0, 0);
logical_device.cmd_end_render_pass(commandbuffer);
logical_device.end_command_buffer(commandbuffer)?;
}
}
Ok(())
}
struct Buffer {
buffer: vk::Buffer,
allocation: vk_mem::Allocation,
allocation_info: vk_mem::AllocationInfo,
}
impl Buffer {
fn new(
allocator: &vk_mem::Allocator,
size_in_bytes: u64,
usage: vk::BufferUsageFlags,
memory_usage: vk_mem::MemoryUsage,
) -> Result<Buffer, vk_mem::error::Error> {
let allocation_create_info = vk_mem::AllocationCreateInfo {
usage: memory_usage,
..Default::default()
};
let (buffer, allocation, allocation_info) = allocator.create_buffer(
&ash::vk::BufferCreateInfo::builder()
.size(size_in_bytes)
.usage(usage)
.build(),
&allocation_create_info,
)?;
Ok(Buffer {
buffer,
allocation,
allocation_info,
})
}
fn fill<T: Sized>(
&self,
allocator: &vk_mem::Allocator,
data: &[T],
) -> Result<(), vk_mem::error::Error> {
let data_ptr = allocator.map_memory(&self.allocation)? as *mut T;
unsafe { data_ptr.copy_from_nonoverlapping(data.as_ptr(), data.len()) };
allocator.unmap_memory(&self.allocation)?;
Ok(())
}
}
struct Aetna {
window: winit::window::Window,
entry: ash::Entry,
instance: ash::Instance,
debug: std::mem::ManuallyDrop<DebugDongXi>,
surfaces: std::mem::ManuallyDrop<SurfaceDongXi>,
physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
physical_device_properties: vk::PhysicalDeviceProperties,
queue_families: QueueFamilies,
queues: Queues,
device: ash::Device,
swapchain: SwapchainDongXi,
renderpass: vk::RenderPass,
pipeline: Pipeline,
pools: Pools,
commandbuffers: Vec<vk::CommandBuffer>,
allocator: vk_mem::Allocator,
buffers: Vec<Buffer>,
}
impl Aetna {
fn init(window: winit::window::Window) -> Result<Aetna, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
let entry = ash::Entry::new()?;
let layer_names = vec!["VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"];
let instance = init_instance(&entry, &layer_names)?;
let debug = DebugDongXi::init(&entry, &instance)?;
let surfaces = SurfaceDongXi::init(&window, &entry, &instance)?;
let (physical_device, physical_device_properties) =
init_physical_device_and_properties(&instance)?;
let queue_families = QueueFamilies::init(&instance, physical_device, &surfaces)?;
let (logical_device, queues) =
init_device_and_queues(&instance, physical_device, &queue_families, &layer_names)?;
let mut swapchain = SwapchainDongXi::init(
&instance,
physical_device,
&logical_device,
&surfaces,
&queue_families,
&queues,
)?;
let renderpass = init_renderpass(
&logical_device,
physical_device,
swapchain.surface_format.format,
)?;
swapchain.create_framebuffers(&logical_device, renderpass)?;
let pipeline = Pipeline::init(&logical_device, &swapchain, &renderpass)?;
let pools = Pools::init(&logical_device, &queue_families)?;
let allocator_create_info = vk_mem::AllocatorCreateInfo {
physical_device,
device: logical_device.clone(),
instance: instance.clone(),
..Default::default()
};
let allocator = vk_mem::Allocator::new(&allocator_create_info)?;
let allocation_create_info = vk_mem::AllocationCreateInfo {
usage: vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
..Default::default()
};
let buffer1 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
48,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer1.fill(
&allocator,
&[
0.5f32, 0.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 0.2f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, -0.5f32, 0.0f32,
0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
let buffer2 = Buffer::new(
&allocator,
60,
vk::BufferUsageFlags::VERTEX_BUFFER,
vk_mem::MemoryUsage::CpuToGpu,
)?;
buffer2.fill(
&allocator,
&[
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
15.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32, 0.0f32, 1.0f32,
],
)?;
let commandbuffers =
create_commandbuffers(&logical_device, &pools, swapchain.amount_of_images)?;
fill_commandbuffers(
&commandbuffers,
&logical_device,
&renderpass,
&swapchain,
&pipeline,
&buffer1.buffer,
&buffer2.buffer,
)?;
Ok(Aetna {
window,
entry,
instance,
debug: std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(debug),
surfaces: std::mem::ManuallyDrop::new(surfaces),
physical_device,
physical_device_properties,
queue_families,
queues,
device: logical_device,
swapchain,
renderpass,
pipeline,
pools,
commandbuffers,
allocator,
buffers: vec![buffer1, buffer2],
})
}
}
impl Drop for Aetna {
fn drop(&mut self) {
unsafe {
self.device
.device_wait_idle()
.expect("something wrong while waiting");
for b in &self.buffers {
self.allocator
.destroy_buffer(b.buffer, &b.allocation)
.expect("problem with buffer destruction");
}
self.allocator.destroy();
self.pools.cleanup(&self.device);
self.pipeline.cleanup(&self.device);
self.device.destroy_render_pass(self.renderpass, None);
self.swapchain.cleanup(&self.device);
self.device.destroy_device(None);
std::mem::ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.surfaces);
std::mem::ManuallyDrop::drop(&mut self.debug);
self.instance.destroy_instance(None)
};
}
}
I think it is time to finally draw triangles instead of points.